David as we remember from last time, was now among the Philistines and had conducted raids on Israel's enemies, though this fact was obscured from Achish, the Philistine king. The passage above shows that there is going to be a war between Israel and Philistia. Achish here appears to want to make sure David, if he had any doubts, would indeed have to go out and fight against his own countrymen. 'Oh no my friend, you are most certainly coming along, I have given you shelter and refuge from your enemies and a base, now it's time for some payback'. This seems to be the basic thought expressed here from my reading of it. Yes, I think the king had his doubts about David and wanted to make sure that David in this war would destroy his own reputation in the eyes of the people of Israel. David here appears to be making a kind of warriors boast and letting the King know just what kind of warrior he is as he will be observed in battle. But David's interesting answer leaves room for 'interpretation' as to which side he will ultimately choose. If he goes to war, the King offers him the post of personal bodyguard. David was in a tough spot. How could he fight against his own people, whom God wanted him to rule? But my view is that he put himself in the position when he went back to Philista.
Now Samuel was dead,
and all Israel had lamented him,
and buried him in Ramah,
even in his own city.
And Saul had put away those
that had familiar spirits,
and the wizards, out of the land.
(1 Samuel 28:3 - ASV)
Samuel's death was still a major sore in the soul of the nation. He clearly still had an extraordinary reputation among Israel. Saul, probably acting on orders from Samuel in bygone days, had gotten rid of the occult influence in the country, as this was part of the Mosaic law (Leviticus 19:31). The passage is important because of what will follow.
Israel was probably concerned about this war because the great Samuel was gone and while Saul was known as a great warrior, it probably was not unknown to the citizens of the kingdom, that there was a rival claimant to the throne, one that the great Samuel had anointed king. There may have been concern here that God was going to forsake the king and the kingdom, now that their spiritual leader was dead.
And the Philistines gathered themselves together,The basic stationing of the armies is outlined. Gilboa is located along the Jordan valley, about 20 or so miles southeast from Megiddo.
and came and encamped in Shunem:
and Saul gathered all Israel together,
and they encamped in Gilboa.
And when Saul saw the host of the Philistines,
he was afraid, and his heart trembled greatly.
(1 Samuel 28:4-5 - ASV)
But when Saul saw the forces arrayed against him, he was very afraid. We all have an expression today that refers to the loss control of certain bodily functions and this is probably what happened here in a proverbial sense. What else could have caused him to, after all this time, go do what he did next?
And when Saul inquired of Jehovah,When in trouble, he comes to the Lord. But Saul if we remember, had turned on God and not a little. He had slaughtered the prophets of the Lord when he was trying to kill the Lord's anointed, David. There comes a time when men's sins separate them from God to such a point that God just stops listening to their petitions. Saul, who was once specially chosen and anointed by God is now a spiritual reject and God has now turned the 'mute' button to the 'on' position when Saul prayed. Pray and seek all he wants, his supplications were in vain.
Jehovah answered him not,
neither by dreams, nor by Urim,
nor by prophets.
(1 Samuel 28:6 - ASV)
Spiritual rejects? This is not a pleasant subject... at all to write about.
[Emphasis mine]
And Jehovah said unto Samuel,
How long wilt thou mourn for Saul,
seeing I have rejected him
from being king over Israel?
fill thy horn with oil, and go:
I will send thee to Jesse the Beth-lehemite;
for I have provided me a king among his sons.
(1 Samuel 16:1 - ASV)
For many are called,
but few chosen.
(Matthew 22:14 - ASV)
Did you know that we true believers who endure to the end, we too shall be kings and priests (Revelation 1:6)? That like David, we have to stay the course of faith in Christ Jesus through thick and thin before we get a crown under the Lordship of Christ?
The thoroughly rotten apple is not going into the basket with the good fruit.
And Jehovah said unto Samuel,
How long wilt thou mourn for Saul,
seeing I have rejected him from being king over Israel?
fill thy horn with oil, and go:
I will send thee to Jesse the Beth-lehemite;
for I have provided me a king
among his sons.
(1 Samuel 16:1 - ASV)
Those kinds of 'Christians' (rejects) have made their choice and like with Saul, God has made his. I am not to pester the Lord about such people.
The key? Discernment. With many Christians (so-called) over and over again I often see they do not have nor want to develop real spiritual discernment. They want to go with the flow and be popular and successful, in a worldly way. They love the world and its ways (and rewards). God, it seems to me, is merely a tool many think they can use on their way to worldly success. Brothers, I think this is a common problem with Christians here in the prosperous west. Don't think you (or anyone) can 'use' God. But if you are humble and obedient, God may indeed use you.
Yes, there comes a time when repentance comes too late. Yes, you can go too far. Yes, God can and often does cease to hear the prayers of those who have shown such a pattern of sin and rebellion. We must never, ever take the Lord's grace and kindness towards any of us for granted or we could wind up like Saul, sinning great sins and then being sorry for it, then sinning again.
It was the wholly wicked and unholy acts of Saul that won him a special place in the hall of spiritual rejects. Murder was too often on his mind and he turned his sword against God and those whom God loved (his servants and David). In short, Saul had by his actions, showed himself to have become an enemy of the Lord. We see the same thing in ancient Israel in the time of Ezekiel regarding unheard supplications.
And the word of Jehovah came unto me,Brothers, those inquires? Those prayers? They weren't going any further than the ceiling to be immediately bounced right back to the ground.
saying, Son of man, speak unto the elders of Israel,
and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah:
Is it to inquire of me that ye are come?
As I live, saith the Lord Jehovah,
I will not be inquired of by you.
(Ezekiel 20:2-3 - ASV)
And when ye spread forth your hands,Saul's hands were full of blood. The blood of the Lord's servants.
I will hide mine eyes from you;
yea, when ye make many prayers,
I will not hear:
your hands are full of blood.
(Isaiah 1:15 - ASV)
So what does Saul do? He goes and seeks spiritual advice from the Lord's enemies; the witches and wizards,
Then said Saul unto his servants,
Seek me a woman that hath a familiar spirit,
that I may go to her, and inquire of her.
And his servants said to him,
Behold, there is a woman that
hath a familiar spirit at En-dor.
(1 Samuel 28:7 - ASV)
Yes, this is how far Saul had fallen. Pretty far down into the spiritual trash can. He was now trying to get advice from a witch. Endor is a place not far from Gilboa and it was probably no little feat for members of Saul's court to find her, knowing the edict against them that was in effect.
And Saul disguised himself,
and put on other raiment, and went,
he and two men with him,
and they came to the woman by night:
and he said, Divine unto me,
I pray thee, by the familiar spirit,
and bring me up whomsoever
I shall name unto thee.
(1 Samuel 28:8 - ASV)
After having discovered where a witch can be found, Saul then puts in a disguise to go and get a 'reading' from her. Something God and his own law specifically forbade. Like most who are caught in a whirlpool of sin and rebellion, they do what they are going to stubbornly do with little regard for such things as God, right or wrong.
And the woman said unto him,
Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath done,
how he hath cut off those
that have familiar spirits,
and the wizards, out of the land:
wherefore then layest thou a snare
for my life, to cause me to die?
(1 Samuel 28:9 - ASV)
This lady, she may have been a witch, but she had not lost all of her common sense. Why should she put her neck on the line? It'll be her, hollering and twisting in the fire while tied to a stake if anyone finds out.
And Saul sware to her by Jehovah,This passage needs no comment save that he has the audacity to swear by the Lord, while seeking out a witch.
saying,As Jehovah liveth,
there shall no punishment happen to thee
for this thing. Then said the woman,
Whom shall I bring up unto thee?
And he said, Bring me up Samuel.
(1 Samuel 28:10-11 - ASV)
And when the woman saw Samuel,As she does her 'reading', she is shocked at what she sees. And upon seeing Samuel she recognizes Saul for who he is. What happened here?
she cried with a loud voice;
and the woman spake to Saul, saying,
Why hast thou deceived me?
for thou art Saul.
(1 Samuel 28:12 - ASV)
It's hard to say, but I suspect that this woman probably was used to seeing one or a few different familiar spirits that would mutter some cryptic mumbo-jumbo to those who came to her for which she would get her fee. But this time it was utterly different. Samuel came right up. What he has to say is hardly going to be a comfort to Saul. We will get to that in a minute. But I think the question here needs to be asked, how can God allow this to happen - his prophet Samuel to be called up in such a manner? As Shakespeare put it in his play MacBeth, 'Can the devil speak true?'.
I think what is happening here is that God has allowed this, perhaps even directed it in order to give a final message to this apostate king. Saul may have gone to the witch to hear what she has to say, but here God grants Saul his wish to hear what Samuel has to say to him. Now this is hardly any kind of endorsement of witchcraft, for those who go to them will get what is coming to them and Saul is about to make the final installment on the 'sin repayment plan'. No, the prophets also gave us indication that God can and will use these unholy methods to answer those who have rebelled against him.
[Emphasis mine]
Therefore speak unto them,
and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah:
Every man of the house of Israel
that taketh his idols into his heart,
and putteth the stumblingblock of his iniquity
before his face, and cometh to the prophet;
I Jehovah will answer him therein
according to the multitude of his idols;
(Ezekiel 14:4 - ASV)
God is sovereign and at times, God can send a message of judgment via the idols that men love. Be it the idol of occultism, witchcraft, atheism, partisanship or name the idols of our troubled times. God knows how to get a message to folks. But if he has to use those methods, you can be sure that whatever he has to tell folks, is going to be something they have long ignored and just don't want to hear. Like this time. Ever heard someone say be careful what you ask for, you just might get it? Well Saul is about to get what he asks for but it is not what he wanted.
This is a difficult passage but not that hard to understand. How was it that Samuel put it to Saul when he was alive?
For rebellion is as the sin of witchcraft,
and stubbornness is as idolatry and teraphim.
Because thou hast rejected the word of Jehovah,
he hath also rejected thee from being king.
(1 Samuel 15:23 - ASV)
Saul's rebellion takes its final form in this misadventure into the realm of witchcraft and Samuel is once again, there to remind him of his wickedness.
We'll take a look at what follows next in this interesting passage of scripture next soon, God willing.
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We left off last time and David had spared Saul's life once again having taken his spear while he slept. The two were in the middle of a long distance conversation (probably shouting from quite a distance - see vs 26:13). Saul had finally admitted his great error.
The above passage begins with David showing off Saul's spear to him and saying David will allow one of Saul's attendants to come and get it. Dr. John Gill (1697-1771) remarks that this spear may have been a kind of ancient scepter, a symbol of kingly power. If this is the case then what David is subtly doing here is showing Saul that he is neither going to kill him nor steal his throne, but has put the matter in the hands of the Lord.
He then calls on God to render the proper reward as he has done what is right regarding Saul when God delivered Saul into his hands and would not slay God's anointed. He does not call upon nor rely upon the King's justice, on which David had little confidence, but in the Lord's. In this pronouncement to those in hearing distance, David seeks the Lord's help in any coming tribulation he may encounter. Clearly, he knows this thing is not over yet.
Then Saul said to David, Blessed be thou,Saul repents yet again and blesses David for saving him. He even acknowledges that David is going to win this whole 'war'. Saul? It's hard to get a fix on him but I think he was suffering from some kind of manic depression (bi-polar) disorder that probably was exploited by the evil spirits that were troubling him. But that is just my own non-medical opinion based on the scant evidence we have. Saul I think had some deep emotional and more importantly, spiritual 'issues' that began when he repeatedly rebelled against the Lord's commandments.
my son David: thou shalt both do mightily,
and shalt surely prevail.
So David went his way,
and Saul returned to his place.
(1 Samuel 26:25 - ASV)
After Saul's remarks, they part company.
And David said in his heart,David had to have seen Saul's emotional state and realized the king may have been on shaky ground regarding his mental state and realized he simply could not rely on Saul's transitory phases of 'repentance' to protect him and his band of men. So he decides to go to Philistia and live there in the hopes that Saul will give up his fits and starts that caused him to go and try to slay David.
I shall now perish one day by the hand of Saul:
there is nothing better for me
than that I should escape into
the land of the Philistines;
and Saul will despair of me,
to seek me any more in all the borders of Israel:
so shall I escape out of his hand.
And David arose, and passed over,
he and the six hundred men
that were with him,
unto Achish the son of Maoch,
king of Gath.
(1 Samuel 27:1-2 - ASV)
David here in my very humble opinion is making pretty much the same mistake he made before, running to the Philistines, the enemy of Israel; this after the Lord had delivered him time and again from Saul. John Gill (1697-1771) in his commentary notes that this may have been inadvisable because earlier on, he was told by the prophet Gad to go back to Judah while he was in exile in Moab (vs 22:5). It is in Judah where he had been protected. Why go back to the place where he had to pretend to be crazy in order to escape with this life? Why go to the idol worshiping enemies of the Lord? This looks to me almost like a kind of retreat in the face of an important victory.
Achish is the son of Moach. Gath is one of the principle cities of the Philistines. He was probably the same one we saw in chapter 21 and he may also be the same one we find in 1Kings 2:39 and if so, he reigned a very long time. But the name may have been a common one.
And David dwelt with Achish at Gath,The passage is self explanatory. The key I think is that Saul ceased to bother about David.
he and his men, every man with his household,
even David with his two wives,
Ahinoam the Jezreelitess,
and Abigail the Carmelitess, Nabal's wife.
And it was told Saul that David was fled to Gath:
and he sought no more again for him.
(1 Samuel 27:3-4 - ASV)
And David said unto Achish,
If now I have found favor in thine eyes,
let them give me a place in one of the cities
in the country, that I may dwell there:
for why should thy servant dwell
in the royal city with thee?
Then Achish gave him Ziklag that day:
wherefore Ziklag pertaineth
unto the kings of Judah unto this day.
And the number of the days that David dwelt
in the country of the Philistines was
a full year and four months.
(1 Samuel 27:5-7 - ASV)
This is rather remarkable and I think shows that even in David's faithlessness, he found favor in the eyes of this Philistine king. He asks for a city to go and dwell in. He does not wish to remain in the capitol and it is not clear why. Perhaps he wanted some space or perhaps he did not want to deal with court intrigue and the many who would question the king about David's presence, which if he lived in the capitol would be a constant reminder. So he asks for a city out in the country. But he may have merely wanted to be out of the King's observation so he could continue his feud with Saul and conduct raids. Zilkag, interestingly was once part of Israel in the times of Joshua (Joshua 19:5).
And David and his men went up,So David starts his raids. But these raids look like they were designed to eventually increase the Israel's lands and take back land that had been occupied by others and deal with Israel's enemies. For example, the Girzites you can find that this was apportioned to Joseph (Joshua 16:3 see also Deuteronomy 3:14 for the Geshurites). What David seems to be doing is hitting Israel's enemies and apparently trying to reclaim land that was part of the divine heritage.
and made a raid upon the Geshurites,
and the Girzites, and the Amalekites;
for those nations were the inhabitants of the land,
who were of old, as thou goest to Shur,
even unto the land of Egypt.
And David smote the land,
and saved neither man nor woman alive,
and took away the sheep, and the oxen,
and the asses, and the camels,
and the apparel;
and he returned,
and came to Achish.
(1 Samuel 27:8-9 - ASV)
David spared no one. If you were there, you were going down... six feet under. He took everything that was of value and then came back to the King.
And Achish said,So Achish wanted to know where David raided. Clearly he knew what David was up to and may have been asking because he wanted his 'cut' of the booty. He leaves the king with the impression that David is raiding his old home country but he isn't. Did he raid south of Judah? Yes. Did he raid Judah? No. David killed everyone because he did not want anyone to know who did this deed, particularly the King. The king may also have wanted some slaves ('to bring them to Gath').
Against whom have ye made a raid to-day?
And David said, Against the South of Judah,
and against the South of the Jerahmeelites,
and against the South of the Kenites.
And David saved neither man nor woman alive,
to bring them to Gath, saying,
Lest they should tell of us, saying,
So did David, and so hath been his manner
all the while he hath dwelt in the country of the Philistines.
And Achish believed David, saying,
He hath made his people Israel utterly to abhor him;
therefore he shall be my servant for ever.
(1 Samuel 27:10-12 - ASV)
Let's face it, David didn't lie about where he was, but he did not appear to tell the whole truth either. Better to let the King live in his delusions. The King had his own agenda as we can see. The more David raided Israel, the more he would be hated by his own people and thus would never be King, he would be a slave to the Philistines instead who could give him over to Israel to be dealt with for his marauding of his own people. Better to let the King think he was raiding Israel.
This is one of those episodes in the scriptures where men of God fail God. Here, it was not a major failure, but clearly David was losing faith and confidence in God's ability to protect him from Saul. So what did he do? He ran; and not only ran, but in the wrong direction - to the enemies of Israel. It may have very well appeared to Saul and much of Israel that David was not only a coward, but a traitor, for there he was in the Philistia working with Achish. Saul and his men may have figured David ruined his reputation to the point he could never be king.
But let us not be too hard on David. He has been a kind of vagabond for months, hanging out with a bunch of outlaws, being hunted by the king and dealing with all manner of mental and physical hardships, day in and day out. David may have just been wore out. Rather than keeping with his previous successful spiritual and tactical plans, he changes things up and not for the better by heading back to Philistia.
Where did David fail? I think he ceased to put his faith fully in God and began to concentrate on his circumstances, he forgot God's goodness and protection and caved in to worry.
Let none of us make that mistake. I know that it is very easy to do. I almost threw in the towel here at the site many years ago (some of you may remember) I was sooo tired and stressed. But God reminded me how he has kept me and this site going against all odds and the sniping, threats, hatred, negative comments and later break-ins, surveillance, stalking and harassment as well as many other things I went through and made it plain to not give up and that if I take care of his business, he will take care of mine. I may not have asked for this site or this ministry but God has given it to me and I have my orders.
You and I? Let us not go to Philistia; let us not look back at Sodom (like Lot's wife); let us keep our eyes front, moving forward in the path that God has set for each of us to walk in.
We will continue our look at Samuel soon, God willing!
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We left off last time with the list of David's wives and what happened to the marriage between him and Saul's daughter. Chapter 28 begins with a new attempt by Saul to get David, this after David spared Saul's life earlier. The Ziphites observed the location of David and ran to report the information to Saul, who frankly should have learned his lesson by now. But hearing the news, chooses to go and pursue David in the wilderness of Ziph.
And Saul encamped in the hill of Hachilah,Here we get the basics of the military situation. Saul encamped on the hill and David was in the wilderness. Saul took the high ground which is usually best for battle, but David was in the wilderness (or pasture - Strong's Hebrew Bible Dictionary 4057). Like any good commander, David double checks his information and sends out his intelligence people to find out if these things were so. This is an important thing to do in any kind of warfare. Check and double check your info and your sources.
which is before the desert, by the way.
But David abode in the wilderness,
and he saw that Saul came after him into the wilderness.
David therefore sent out spies, and understood
that Saul was come of a certainty.
(1 Samuel 26:3-4 - ASV)
This can also be a most useful as well to us living today, if only in the news and also in the religion (doctrine) arena, a battle we are all in weather we know it or not. Checking and double checking your information and sources is so very important in the time of the 'viral video', social media and false narratives. You want to keep from making a mistake and getting 'played'? Check everything you read on the internet particularly anything that is suddenly 'hot' in cyberspace or carried far and wide as being the 'truth'. I have found that in these troubled times, those who speak with a forked tongue too often, have the loudest voice. Remember our Bibles warn that deceit is pervasive in the last days (See Matthew 24:24; 2 Thessalonians 2:11; Revelation 12:9; 13:14).
And David arose,David did not act until he was certain and that he had a plan. The first step here in his tactics was to not avoid battle, he moved towards, rather than away from Saul's encampment.
and came to the place where Saul had encamped;
and David beheld the place where Saul lay,
and Abner the son of Ner, the captain of his host:
and Saul lay within the place of the wagons,
and the people were encamped round about him.
(1 Samuel 26:5 - ASV)
Then answered David and saidDavid calls his key men and asks who is going to go down and deal with this problem. We don't know much about Ahimelich the Hittite. According to the Smith Bible Dictionary (1863), Zeruiah was the mother of three of David's warriors, Abishai, Joash and Asahel. She was David's sister so these were his nephews (see 1 Chronicles 2:13ff). While Saul was sleeping they came in and crept into the camp and Abishai thrust a spear near Saul's head - this while others were asleep around him. This is the second time that it seems that Saul did not have adequate sentries posted while he slept. But there is another reason for this that will be later revealed. The same basic thing happened earlier at the cave. Saul clearly has a kind of learning disability. He seems to keep on making the same mistakes over and over again.
to Ahimelech the Hittite, and to Abishai
the son of Zeruiah, brother to Joab,
saying, Who will go down with me to Saul to the camp?
And Abishai said, I will go down with thee.
So David and Abishai came to the people by night:
and, behold, Saul lay sleeping within the place
of the wagons, with his spear stuck in the ground at his head;
and Abner and the people lay round about him.
Then said Abishai to David, God hath delivered
up thine enemy into thy hand this day:
now therefore let me smite him, I pray thee,
with the spear to the earth at one stroke,
and I will not smite him the second time.
(1 Samuel 26:6-8 - ASV)
Abishai remarks to David that the Lord has delivered Saul into his hand and then asks permission to kill him with Saul's own spear. He says he can Kill Saul with one blow and would not need to hit him a second time to make sure he was dead. Abishai here I think basically is offering to do the deed since David would not do it.
And David said, As Jehovah liveth,No, David was not going to do it; Saul's death may come, but not by his hand. But like last time, he was going to leave a 'message' for Saul that his life could have been taken. The message was the spear that was at his head would be taken as well as his bottle of water. Actually the word cruse signifies a saucer of some kind or perhaps a jug. They take the spear and water to let Saul know 'David was here'.
Jehovah will smite him; or his day shall come to die;
or he shall go down into battle and perish.
Jehovah forbid that I should put forth my hand
against Jehovah's anointed: but now take, I pray thee,
the spear that is at his head,
and the cruse of water,
and let us go.
(1 Samuel 26:10-11 - ASV)
So David took the spear
and the cruse of water from Saul's head;
and they gat them away: and no man saw it,
nor knew it, neither did any awake;
for they were all asleep,
because a deep sleep from Jehovah
was fallen upon them.
(1 Samuel 26:12 - ASV)
So here we see the real reason Saul's men would not awaken, God put them into a deep sleep.
and David cried to the people,David calls out to Abner, Saul's top warrior and Abner replies wanting to know who it is that wants to address the King. David does not do what warriors often do, begin to insult or harangue Abner. No, he addresses him with respect by calling him a valiant warrior and acknowledging his well earned reputation. But after he honors him, he then chides him - 'why is that you were not keeping watch over the King? What were you doing sleeping on the job?' Someone crept into the camp to kill the king, what is your excuse?", is the gist of David's words. 'Go and see - where is the King's spear and his bottle of sparkling mineral water?
and to Abner the son of Ner, saying,
Answerest thou not, Abner?
Then Abner answered and said,
Who art thou that criest to the king?
And David said to Abner,
Art not thou a valiant man?
and who is like to thee in Israel?
wherefore then hast thou not
kept watch over thy lord the king?
for there came one of the people in
to destroy the king thy lord.
This thing is not good that thou hast done.
As Jehovah liveth, ye are worthy to die,
because ye have not kept watch over your lord,
Jehovah's anointed. And now see where the king's spear is,
and the cruse of water that was at his head.
(1 Samuel 26:14-16 - ASV)
David made Abner look pretty bad here.
And Saul knew David's voice,
and said, Is this thy voice, my son David?
And David said, It is my voice, my lord,
O king. And he said, Wherefore doth my lord
pursue after his servant? for what have I done?
or what evil is in my hand?
(1 Samuel 26:17-18 - ASV)
Saul hears David's voice and speaks. David replies that it's him and wants to know what evil he has done that he has come out against him as though he were some criminal, 'What have I done?'
Now therefore, I pray thee,David here is saying that if God is using you to punish me for some sin, then I will make an offering to God with regards to it. But if it be people who are egging you on to come and attack me, David curses them in the name of the Lord because they are standing in the way his divinely appointed inheritance. In so doing, they could wind up forcing David to go and live with the heathen and thus tempt him away from the Holy land and the religion of the Lord. This apparently is what is meant by 'Go, serve other gods' at the end of verse 19. He would be forced outside of the nation where the Lord is worshiped.
let my lord the king hear the words of his servant.
If it be Jehovah that hath stirred thee up against me,
let him accept an offering: but if it be the children of men,
cursed be they before Jehovah: for they have
driven me out this day that I should not cleave
unto the inheritance of Jehovah, saying,
Go, serve other gods. Now therefore,
let not my blood fall to the earth away
from the presence of Jehovah: for the king of Israel
is come out to seek a flea, as when one
doth hunt a partridge in the mountains.
(1 Samuel 26:19-20 - ASV)
Now therefore, let not my blood fall to the earth
away from the presence of Jehovah:
for the king of Israel is come out to seek a flea,
as when one doth hunt a partridge in the mountains.
Then said Saul, I have sinned: return, my son David;
for I will no more do thee harm,
because my life was precious in thine eyes this day:
behold, I have played the fool,
and have erred exceedingly.
(1 Samuel 26:20-21 - ASV)
David here entreats the king like a subject, not a rival to the throne and asks that the King not kill him or perhaps having him die in some distant land. He tells the king he is not worth all the trouble he is going through. Saul repents of the evil he had planned and realizes he made a mistake.
David once again here takes the high road. He refuses to take vengeance nor to do the King wrong, no matter how much wrong the King has done him. David will not stain his sword with the blood of Saul. He has put is fate firmly in the hands of the Lord.
We will continue our look at Samuel soon, God willing!
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And David said to Abigail,We left off last time and Nabal's wife, Abigail had wisely entreated David not to go and destroy her husband and household and she also brought David and his men some food after David was coldly rejected by Nabal.
Blessed be Jehovah, the God of Israel,
who sent thee this day to meet me:
and blessed be thy discretion,
and blessed be thou, that hast kept me
this day from bloodguiltiness, and from
avenging myself with mine own hand.
For in very deed, as Jehovah,
the God of Israel, liveth,
who hath withholden me from hurting thee,
except thou hadst hasted and come to meet me,
surely there had not been left
unto Nabal by the morning light so much
as one man-child.
(1 Samuel 25:32-34 - ASV)
Abigail's entreaty does the trick. David was absolutely incensed over the way Nabal had treated him while he and his men looked out for his sheep. But in his rage he would have committed a grave wrong and horrible evil that he would later certainly have regretted. David here blesses the Lord for sending her to him. He also blesses her discretion (2940 in Strong's Hebrew Bible Dictionary - 1890). David and his men were clearly just about ready to depart to mess the place up. The long and short of it is, that if she had not come, there would have been a serious massacre. Such a massacre would not play well, PR wise for a new, soon to be King. Men would hear about it and it could have proved problematic for David down the road - 'David the slaughterer of herdsmen' may have become his nickname. So David appears to be genuinely grateful for her sage advice in ceasing from this slaughter.
So David received of her handDavid here shows that he can be entreated and tells Abigail to go in peace, he won't come down and destroy her and Nabal's house.
that which she had brought him:
and he said unto her, Go up in peace
to thy house; see, I have hearkened
to thy voice, and have accepted thy person.
(1 Samuel 25:35 - ASV)
And Abigail came to Nabal;
and, behold, he held a feast in his house,
like the feast of a king; and Nabal's heart
was merry within him, for he was
very drunken: wherefore she told him nothing,
less or more, until the morning light.
And it came to pass in the morning,
when the wine was gone out of Nabal,
that his wife told him these things,
and his heart died within him,
and he became as a stone.
And it came to pass about ten days after,
that Jehovah smote Nabal,
so that he died.
(1 Samuel 25:36-38 - ASV)
So here we see that Abigail, still was loyal to her husband. She did not hide her meeting with David but did tell him, but had to wait until he was sober to do it. We don't know what is meant exactly that he became as a stone, but to me it seems that he may have become enraged to such a degree that he had a stroke and it was followed by paralysis, which caused his death. The lesson here is that men like Nabal who insult and return evil for good that a man of God shows them will often pay a very hefty price.This was truly a humble woman. She gets this news and bows her face to the ground and then says she is willing to perform the most menial jobs for her lord (wash the feet). I think here she shows both humility and gratitude to David, whom she knew would one day be king. She got up with her maidens and traveled to David and they were married. Matthew Henry (1662-1714) in his commentary notes interestingly that this looks like a kind of courtship by proxy, for David's men went to her and made the proposal.
And when David heard that Nabal was dead,David here acknowledges the hand of the Lord in Nabal's death and clearly Nabal had a very bad reputation as an evil man. David now wants to make Abigail his wife. So he sends his people to her for this purpose.
he said, Blessed be Jehovah,
that hath pleaded the cause of
my reproach from the hand of Nabal,
and hath kept back his servant from evil:
and the evil-doing of Nabal hath Jehovah
returned upon his own head.
And David sent and spake concerning Abigail,
to take her to him to wife. And when
the servants of David were come to
Abigail to Carmel, they spake unto her,
saying, David hath sent us unto thee,
to take thee to him to wife.
(1 Samuel 25:39-40 - ASV)
Now David already had a wife, King Saul's daughter Michal but what happened here at least in part, will be explained in just a bit. So this would have been the second (recorded) wife of David. Polygamy is not specifically forbidden in the Old Testament and even in the new, it is only an impediment to high Church office (though you will find many who will argue that point). But it is certainly true that monogamy is by far the most acceptable version of marriage, Biblically speaking. Before anyone gets on their high 'moral' horse and condemns how this was done back in the ancient world consider this. Back in the olden days, marriage was a way for a woman to get protection. A woman who had no husband did not have many options to survive and make a living and could easily fall into slavery, prostitution or slip into poverty. Allowing a man to have more than one wife was one way to solve that problem as such women could get protection from a husband who was already married. But as we saw with Solomon, having many wives can be a real snare to a man.
It is not clear what would have happened to Nabal's ranch after he died as far as Abigail is concerned as I am not sure about the law regarding property and a deceased husband.
And she arose, and bowed herself
with her face to the earth,
and said, Behold, thy handmaid
is a servant to wash the feet
of the servants of my lord. And Abigail hasted,
and arose, and rode upon an ass,
with five damsels of hers that followed her;
and she went after the messengers of David,
and became his wife.
(1 Samuel 25:41-42 - ASV)
Marriage by proxy (not exactly the same as courting by proxy) was something that did happen in the Middle Ages. I can remember a scene from a rather interesting BBC TV mini-series where there is a scene where Henry VII's son Arthur, is married by proxy to Catherine of Aragon, who would later become Henry VIII's first wife. She was one of his wives that escaped him with her head still attached to her body (!).
David also took Ahinoam of Jezreel;It appears that this was not the first wife David took while in his wanderings. The best evidence is that Ahinoam was the first one (after Michal) and she bore him his firstborn (2 Samuel 3:2). So David had at least two wives, three if you still count Michal. But the last verse seems to indicate that the rupture in relations between David and the current royal family was compete and Saul had given Michal to another. All of these wives and their children... well there is a story that unfolds later that will be told, God willing. I think the lesson here is that while God may allow multiple wives, it's just not a good idea on any level. One spouse can be a headache, two doubles your trouble!
and they became both of them his wives.
Now Saul had given Michal his daughter,
David's wife, to Palti
the son of Laish,
who was of Gallim.
(1 Samuel 25:43-44 - ASV)
We will continue our look at Samuel, soon, God willing!
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And there was a man in Maon,We left off last time and David had headed off to the wilderness of Paran after having had a conversation with Saul at the cave. David in his wanderings comes to Maon and meets up with Nabal. The author here gives us a little background on this man. He was in short, a nasty piece of work, but he did have a wife who was wise and in today's jargon, was quite a looker. This is all taking place in Judah. The name Nabal actually means fool.
whose possessions were in Carmel;
and the man was very great,
and he had three thousand sheep,
and a thousand goats:
and he was shearing his sheep in Carmel.
Now the name of the man was Nabal;
and the name of his wife Abigail;
and the woman was of good understanding,
and of a beautiful countenance:
but the man was churlish and evil in his doings;
and he was of the house of Caleb.
(1 Samuel 25:2-3 - ASV)
And David heard in the wildernessThe long and short of this is that David is saluting Nabal and sends several men to him as a sign of respect, shows him honor by wishing him peace. He relates how he has come into contact with his shepherds and did them no wrong. In fact, David and his men protected them while in their company. He then asks if he can share in what Nabal has as he is shearing. This was according to some commentaries, some kind of festival and this kind of thing was customary. What David here is doing seems to be asking for a little recompense for the service he has rendered to Nabal and his shepherds.
that Nabal was shearing his sheep.
And David sent ten young men,
and David said unto the young men,
Get you up to Carmel, and go to Nabal,
and greet him in my name:
and thus shall ye say to him
that liveth in prosperity,
Peace be unto thee,
and peace be to thy house,
and peace be unto all that thou hast.
And now I have heard that thou hast shearers:
thy shepherds have now been with us,
and we did them no hurt,
neither was there aught missing unto them,
all the while they were in Carmel.
Ask thy young men, and they will tell thee:
wherefore let the young men
find favor in thine eyes;
for we come in a good day: give,
I pray thee, whatsoever cometh to thy hand,
unto thy servants, and to thy son David.
(1 Samuel 25:4-8 - ASV)
And when David's young men came,Nabal in essence, tells David and his men to get lost. While Nabal asks the question who is David, the fact that he calls him the son of Jesse seem to indicate that he knows exactly who David is and probably knows that he is also the Lord's anointed. These things don't concern him. Then he adds insult to injury and implies that David is a run-away slave (vs. 10). He is implying that David and his men are nothing more than a band of renegades. Nabal is not giving them anything. Given the customs of time, this is a deep insult.
they spake to Nabal according to all those words
in the name of David, and ceased.
And Nabal answered David's servants,
and said, Who is David?
and who is the son of Jesse?
there are many servants now-a-days
that break away every man from his master.
Shall I then take my bread, and my water,
and my flesh that I have killed for my shearers,
and give it unto men of whom
I know not whence they are?
(1 Samuel 25:9-11 - ASV)
So David's young men turned on their way,When David gets this report, he is understandably angry... very angry. His men were told to prepare as though going onto battle. This kind of insult was not going to go unrecompensed. Two hundred of his men were going to remain behind at camp to watch over their supplies. The rest were ready for battle. This may seem like a bit of an overreaction, but those were different times and very different customs - customs that basically ran ancient society. Nabal's actions demonstrate a kind of 'law of the jungle' mentality - requiting good with evil. David here is probably making it plain with his preparations, "You want law of the jungle? We can do law of the jungle. We will be the tiger and you will be the prey."
and went back, and came and told him
according to all these words.
And David said unto his men,
Gird ye on every man his sword.
And they girded on every man his sword;
and David also girded on his sword:
and there went up after David
about four hundred men;
and two hundred
abode by the baggage.
(1 Samuel 25:12-13 - ASV)
But one of the young men told Abigail,Here one of Nabal's servants, whom David and his men were probably with in the wilderness reports the goings on to Nabal's wife. 'Look, that bonehead of a husband you have just sent David's men away with insults after they looked after us in the wilderness. Get ready, because they are coming and mean to do this whole house some very serious mischief', would probably be a was to paraphrase it
Nabal's wife, saying, Behold,
David sent messengers out of the wilderness
to salute our master; and he railed at them.
But the men were very good unto us,
and we were not hurt, neither missed
we anything, as long as we went with them,
when we were in the fields: they were
a wall unto us both by night and by day,
all the while we were with them
keeping the sheep. Now therefore know
and consider what thou wilt do;
for evil is determined against our master,
and against all his house:
for he is such a worthless fellow,
that one cannot speak to him.
(1 Samuel 25:14-17 - ASV)
How many of you have seen this kind of thing before? A man will all the sense of a piece of granite and a woman who has to keep on stepping in to keep him from 'stepping in it', over and over and over again. One has to feel for such a woman and their travails, year in and year out.
Having dealt with such people in the past let me give you a tip. Don't bother trying to help, inform or instruct such a person and do what you can to keep a safe distance from them. They are a danger to themselves and everyone they come in contact with. In this case, all his house nearly got killed because of his folly.
Then Abigail made haste,
and took two hundred loaves,
and two bottles of wine,
and five sheep ready dressed,
and five measures of parched grain,
and a hundred clusters of raisins,
and two hundred cakes of figs,
and laid them on asses.
And she said unto her young men,
Go on before me; behold,
I come after you.
But she told not her husband Nabal.
(1 Samuel 25:18-19 - ASV)
Nabal had a wife he certainly did not deserve. After getting this news she got some victuals together and got them ready for transport to David and his men. This was quite a bit of food she sent ahead and it was wise to send the food ahead before she arrived. It would help to lessen David's anger at the insult he had received at the hand of Nabal. Naturally, she had too much sense to tell her husband what she was up to. This way, they could all be saved. She was trying to save Nabal, herself and his servants from almost certain destruction for David was truly enraged.
And it was so, as she rode on her ass,David is basically saying to his men 'Here I was out in the wilderness protecting his sheep (all that he hath) so that he did not lose a thing and this is how he repays me!'
and came down by the covert of the mountain,
that, behold, David and his men
came down toward her; and she met them.
Now David had said, Surely in vain have
I kept all that this fellow hath in the wilderness,
so that nothing was missed of all that
pertained unto him: and he hath returned
me evil for good. God do so unto the enemies of David,
and more also, if I leave of all that pertain
to him by the morning light
so much as one man-child.
(1 Samuel 25:20-22 - ASV)
And when Abigail saw David,
she hasted, and alighted from her ass,
and fell before David on her face,
and bowed herself to the ground.
And she fell at his feet, and said,
Upon me, my lord, upon me be the iniquity;
and let thy handmaid, I pray thee,
speak in thine ears, and hear thou
the words of thy handmaid.
(1 Samuel 25:23-24 - ASV)
Abigail realized the danger her household is in and David's anger. She comes before David as a suppliant, on her face expressing both deep humility and respect. She asks that the sin of her husband be laid upon her and that David would spare some time and hear what she has to say.
Let not my lord, I pray thee,
regard this worthless fellow, even Nabal;
for as his name is, so is he;
Nabal is his name, and folly is with him:
but I thy handmaid saw not the young men
of my lord, whom thou didst send.
Now therefore, my lord, as Jehovah liveth,
and as thy soul liveth,
seeing Jehovah hath withholden thee
from bloodguiltiness, and from avenging
thyself with thine own hand,
now therefore let thine enemies,
and them that seek
evil to my lord, be as Nabal.
(1 Samuel 25:25-26 - ASV)
Abigail should have been a diplomat! She knew how to appeal to David and lets him know she knows what kind of husband she has. She tells him she did not know of the recent exchange between the two and only just found out. She then carefully lets David know that she is the instrument from keeping David from a very great sin (bloodguiltiness) and subtly reminds David that he should not take vengeance with his own hand, however justified he may think he is.
She then hopes that all of David's enemies are like Nabal, not very bright and impotent to bring any harm to David. Some think that Abigail who was a woman of understanding, was actually issuing a prophecy to David and that what she was really saying is that Nabal is not going to be around long and may all of your enemies suffer the same fate. She seems to be saying, 'don't play the fool by sinning greatly against God because of a fool. He is of no account, Don't bother with him, he ain't worth it.'
And now this presentAbigail continues with her marvelous entreaty to David which is also a kind of prophecy. She knows exactly who David is and that God is with him. That he, with God's help will take care of his enemies. She is clearly aware of the powerful anointing on David and the future God has in store for him. She confers this blessing/prophecy on him and says that when he comes to the throne, he should not have to look back on this incident with deep regret - having slaughtered so many over an insult made by a person whose name literally means fool. She then asks that David remember her when he comes to the throne.
which thy servant hath brought unto my lord,
let it be given unto the young men
that follow my lord. Forgive, I pray thee,
the trespass of thy handmaid:
for Jehovah will certainly make
my lord a sure house, because my lord fighteth
the battles of Jehovah;
and evil shall not be found in thee all thy days.
And though men be risen up to pursue thee,
and to seek thy soul, yet the soul of
my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life
with Jehovah thy God; and the souls of thine enemies,
them shall he sling out, as from the hollow of a sling.
And it shall come to pass, when Jehovah
shall have done to my lord according
to all the good that he hath spoken concerning thee,
and shall have appointed thee prince over Israel,
that this shall be no grief unto thee,
nor offence of heart unto my lord,
either that thou hast shed blood without cause,
or that my lord hath avenged himself.
And when Jehovah shall have dealt
well with my lord, then remember thy handmaid.
(1 Samuel 25:27-31 - ASV)
Abigail's faith is noteworthy. It is also tragic that she was married to a man like Nabal. But she shows herself to be a wise woman and one who clearly honored the Lord. Despite living with a bad husband, she was able to rise above her situation. She may have used her situation and past incidents with Nabal to teach David something she learned over the years. She had dealt with Nabal for a long time and probably had to bite her tongue and hold back her actions against him on more than a few occasions, refused to sin even though she may have been often provoked. She was not going to fight folly with folly. This was in essence the message at least in part she was giving to David.
We will continue our look at the book of Samuel soon, God willing!
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After whom is the king of Israel come out?We left off last time with Saul and David having a verbal exchange outside of the cave after David had cut off a part of the King's garment. David here continues his words to the King asking if had come out against a dead dog or a flea. The dead dog metaphor perhaps alludes to the evil things that were said about David - that he was no good. The flea metaphor? Perhaps that he was very lowly and of little account. But David here puts his faith in God and tells the King that he is going to let God handle this one and asks God to deliver him out of the Kings hand. David is learning through adversity to put his trust fully in God, his timing and his justice.
after whom dost thou pursue?
after a dead dog, after a flea.
Jehovah therefore be judge,
and give sentence between me and thee,
and see,and plead my cause,
and deliver me out of thy hand.
(1 Samuel 24:14-15 - ASV)
And it came to pass,
when David had made an end
of speaking these words unto Saul,
that Saul said, Is this thy voice, my son David?
And Saul lifted up his voice,
and wept.
(1 Samuel 24:16 - ASV)
Clearly something here changed in Saul and his heart appears to have been genuinely moved by David's words. Perhaps it was just the sound of his voice that reminded him of the past. He refers to him as his son, which in effect he was, for he had married the kings daughter. Saul cried after hearing David speak. What kind of weeping was it? Genuine or like that of Esau? It was probably genuine, but did it really have that spirit of repentance in it? I think Saul was genuinely moved and perhaps was wondering how he could have thought all of those evil things about David that he did.
And he said to David,
Thou art more righteous than I;
for thou hast rendered unto me good,
whereas I have rendered unto thee evil.
And thou hast declared this day
how that thou hast dealt well with me,
forasmuch as when Jehovah had
delivered me up into thy hand,
thou killedst me not.
For if a man find his enemy,
will he let him go well away?
wherefore Jehovah reward thee good
for that which thou hast done
unto me this day.
(1 Samuel 24:17-19 - ASV)
Saul I think realizes he could be quite dead were it not for David's kindness and unwillingness to take his life as he was encouraged to do by his men. No, David was indeed taking the high road and here Saul acknowledges that David had done right and Saul even acknowledges his own evil intentions.Saul here acknowledges that David is going to be king. He asks that his children, his family will not be killed when he reigns. This was often done to ensure that there is no focus of rebellion by a pretender who has or claims to have the proper lineage. Saul asks David to make an oath he would not kill his children. Saul knew that David would be bound by such an oath, though Saul's word? Well... see 1 Samuel 19:6. This promise is the same thing Jonathan asked of David earlier (1 Samuel 20:15).
And now, behold,
I know that thou shalt surely be king,
and that the kingdom of Israel
shall be established in thy hand.
Swear now therefore unto me by Jehovah,
that thou wilt not cut off my seed after me,
and that thou wilt not destroy my name
out of my father's house.
And David sware unto Saul.
And Saul went home;
but David and his men
gat them up unto the stronghold.
(1 Samuel 24:20-22 - ASV)
The two part ways, but David rather than going back home and to his wife stays with his men in their stronghold. He may have been ready to forgive Saul his malice, but that did not mean he was going to put his trust in him and come back as though everything was OK. No sir, that could very well be the fast lane to an early grave. No, better to stay with the men who had stayed with him through thick and thin than with a king who might very well change his mind and cast another spear at him.
And Samuel died;
and all Israel gathered themselves together,
and lamented him, and buried him
in his house at Ramah. And David arose,
and went down to the wilderness of Paran.
(1 Samuel 25:1 - ASV)
Samuel, God's reliable prophet has died but we cannot be certain when this was from the passage. Some think it happened many months before. We can't really be sure but the fact that it was inserted here makes many believe that this was about when it happened. Dr. John Gill (1697-1771) in his Bible commentary has some comments on this you may find of interest.
Israel owed much to Samuel. It was he that really kept the nation in covenant with God and he could always be depended upon to do what God asked. If we recall, before Saul rose to the throne, he was the de-facto ruler of Israel, the one people went to, for he was the Judge (the last of Israel's Judges) as well as a prophet. This changed only because of the behavior of his sons. He was still deeply respected and loved.
It was to Israel's folly that she chose to have a king instead of the system God had set up. Their choice for a king deeply hurt both the Lord and Samuel.
We are not sure who finished writing this book as the first section is often ascribed to Samuel but many think it was either Nathan, the prophet Gad or both.
David's move to Paran does not seem to be directly connected with Saul's passing. It is associated with part of the desert of the Sinai in ancient times. A city by that name exists today in southern Israel.
What seems clear is that David is continuing his wanderings and is not in any hurry to return to the royal court. Why here? It is hard to say, but David had a few hundred men with him and they needed sustenance. He may have decided the best place to get it was outside of Israel away from Saul and his spies.
We will continue our look at Samuel soon, God willing!
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But there came a messenger unto Saul, saying,
Haste thee, and come; for the Philistines
have made a raid upon the land.
So Saul returned from pursuing after David,
and went against the Philistines:
therefore they called that place Sela-hammahlekoth.
And David went up from thence,
and dwelt in the strongholds of En-gedi.
(1 Samuel 23:27-29 - ASV)
We left off last time and Saul was just about to capture David, by splitting up his forces on the mountain where David was hiding; one batch on one side of the mountain and the other batch, on the other. Nabbing him looks like it was just a matter of time.
But suddenly Saul gets a message that the Philistines are conducting a raid. Saul calls off the search/trap and goes off to deal with the Philistines. Just in the nick of time! The name that was given to the place means rock of divisions, probably meaning the place where Saul divided his forces. But a better rendition is probably rock of smoothness/slipperiness - [see - Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament - 1868(?)], as it is where David gave Saul the slip. Once Saul left, David came to a place called Engedi - known as the fountain of the goats (kid). This is a town located on the western shore of the Dead Sea. It can be seen clearly in the Smith Bible Atlas (Palestine in the time of Saul) midway down the Sea of the Arabah (now the Dead Sea) on the left hand side. There was apparently some kind of natural fortification there for him to use.
As I said before, David is learning to lean on God rather than his own power. A natural turn of events should have had David in Saul's power, but God would not have it. He had a way to draw off the enemies of his servant. When God gives a person a job, God will look out for that person. God did not and would not forsake his servant, David.
Then Saul took three thousandSaul gets new intelligence as to where David is. Clearly he has some pretty reliable spies. When one is willing to pay for it, decent information can usually be obtained. A shepherd, a farmer, a merchant traveling about - these may have been the kind of people Saul relied upon to spy the whereabouts of David.
chosen men out of all Israel,
and went to seek David and his men
upon the rocks of the wild goats.
And he came to the sheepcotes by the way,
where was a cave; and Saul went in to cover his feet.
Now David and his men were abiding
in the innermost parts of the cave.
And the men of David said unto him,
Behold, the day of which Jehovah said unto thee,
Behold, I will deliver thine enemy into thy hand,
and thou shalt do to him as it shall seem good unto thee.
Then David arose, and cut off the skirt
of Saul's robe privily.
(1 Samuel 24:2-4 - ASV)
The passage is self explanatory. Saul wanders into the very same cave David and his men were in. David did not kill Saul, but rather sent him a 'message' - one that said something like - ' I could have killed you and left you staring vacantly at this cave's ceiling, but didn't '. His men encouraged him to deal with the King however David wanted; the implication seems to be, 'go head, knock him off and you can be king'. Instead David sends his message instead and cuts off part of Saul's clothing.
The promise of God delivering Saul into David's hands is not specifically mentioned in scripture and may merely have been an assumption David's men had. But it is also possible that many other words were given to David that were never recorded for posterity. I suspect that David did not get such a word, otherwise he probably would have behaved differently in this incident. So while Saul was out chasing David, Saul instead had fallen into David's hands and David showed mercy and did not and would not kill him.
And it came to pass afterward,David seems to have had second thoughts, not about sparing Saul but about doing what little he did do, just cutting his clothes. David realized that Saul was still God's anointed and that he had to respect that, despite Saul's actions and instability. Yet there may have been a degree of self-interest involved here as well. David realized that if he killed the King, it would be an invitation for others to kill him when he became King and the cycle of kill-a-king, become-a-king would begin with an endless bloodletting of royalty.
that David's heart smote him,
because he had cut off Saul's skirt.
And he said unto his men,
Jehovah forbid that I should do this thing
unto my lord, Jehovah's anointed,
to put forth my hand against him,
seeing he is Jehovah's anointed.
(1 Samuel 24:5-6 - ASV)
As you all probably know, there were often times of great instability in the Roman empire; western and eastern where things got nearly that bad. No, David here was behaving wisely both to God and to his future reign. Don't murder a king - it sets a very bad precedent... particularly if are destined to be king yourself.
So David checked his men with these words,Clearly, David had to put a bridle on his men who were enthusiastic about dealing with Saul while they had a good chance. David rather than listening to his men was going to take the high road on his way to the throne and avoid any moral, spiritual or ethical 'gutters'. This 'high road' way of thinking is made clear in the following passages.
and suffered them not to rise against Saul.
And Saul rose up out of the cave,
and went on his way.
(1 Samuel 24:7 - ASV)
David also arose afterward, and went out of the cave,David lays it all out to Saul after showing him the respect due a King. And telling him that he could have killed him, but did not and proving it by showing him the cloth. He was not going to kill God's anointed. He then asks Saul why he is listening to people telling him that David wants to take his life? David maintains his innocence to Saul and chides the King in this dark work of trying to kill David. Then he calls upon God to judge between the two as he clearly implies that Saul's works are wrought in evil. Even so, David wasn't going to strike or kill King Saul.
and cried after Saul, saying,
My lord the king. And when Saul looked behind him,
David bowed with his face to the earth, and did obeisance.
And David said to Saul, Wherefore hearkenest thou
to men's words, saying, Behold, David seeketh thy hurt?
Behold, this day thine eyes have seen how
that Jehovah had delivered thee to-day
into my hand in the cave: and some bade me kill thee;
but mine eye spared thee; and I said,
I will not put forth my hand against my lord;
for he is Jehovah's anointed. Moreover,
my father, see, yea, see the skirt of thy robe in my hand;
for in that I cut off the skirt of thy robe, and killed thee not,
know thou and see that there is neither evil
nor transgression in my hand,
and I have not sinned against thee,
though thou huntest after my life to take it.
Jehovah judge between me and thee,
and Jehovah avenge me of thee;
but my hand shall not be upon thee.
As saith the proverb of the ancients,
Out of the wicked cometh forth wickedness;
but my hand shall not be upon thee.
(1 Samuel 24:8-13 - ASV)
Now this is the way a man of God behaves. He put is faith in God and his recent travails I think put him in the proper mindset - do right by God, keep faith with him and he will guide and protect you... and stay out of the 'gutters'.
This is a powerful lesson I think for all of us. We must learn this lesson - to do right and to not try and use evil ways to 'expedite' something that God has promised us or what we think should happen. Remember Abraham, when looking for a son went into the handmaiden of his wife, Hagar and bore a son? Abraham and his wife were trying to expedite things. What God proposed was clearly impossible in the eyes of man. It seemed so impossible that Abraham got a chuckle when he heard God's promise.
Then Abraham fell upon his face,
and laughed, and said in his heart,
Shall a child be born unto him
that is a hundred years old?
and shall Sarah, that is
ninety years old, bear?
(Genesis 17:17 - ASV)
So when you are at an end of the things you can do, that is often the time that God can and will act. Take the high road. Always take the high road - don't lie, cheat, commit acts of violence or do other untoward things to 'fulfill' what you think God should be doing. If God gave you a job, trust him to work it out so you can keep it. If not, it may be time for you to move on. Get before God and don't let stress and bad decisions make a mess of God's plan for you. This I think is a key lesson David learned. After his panic attack earlier and going to Philistia, he had to learn to obey the Lord, wait on him and trust in him.
Say not thou,
I will recompense evil:
Wait for Jehovah,
and he will save thee.
(Proverbs 20:22 - ASV)
Wait for Jehovah:
Be strong,
and let thy heart take courage;
Yea, wait thou for Jehovah.
(Psalms 27:14 - ASV)
That passage from Psalms was written by David about evil doers who were seeking his life.
Be strong brothers in the face of the things going on in the world today... be strong...
[Emphasis Mine]
And he said, O man greatly beloved,
fear not: peace be unto thee, be strong,
yea, be strong. And when he spake unto me,
I was strengthened, and said,
Let my lord speak; for thou hast strengthened me.
(Daniel 10:19 - ASV)
We will continue our look at Samuel soon, God willing!
God bless and keep you all in Christ Jesus!
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[FYI: About the long delay - I took
my Summer Break and did not update the site for a couple of
weeks. Thank you for your understanding and patience!
- MSW]
We left off last time with David asking the Lord if the people of Keilah would deliver him over to Saul if things got hot. These were the same people David had just saved from the Philistines. In the above passage, David gets out of Keilah before the men have a chance to betray him.
The phrase went whithersoever they could go, makes it pretty clear that they were kind of like a band of 'fugitives' from the King's wrath. The idea seems to be they just roamed around wherever they thought it was safe to. The intelligence of David's escape comes to the knowledge of King Saul.
And David abode in the wildernessTwo passages here show just how hard life was for David. He was running with what could be described as a band of 'outlaws', being hunted down by the 'National Security' State, headed by the priest killing King. But David now is having to rely fully on this faith in God. Not just to get by, but for his literal survival, for this is about life and death. Before a person can be of real use to God, he often has to put that person in a place where they are totally dependent on God. Have you been there?
in the strongholds, and remained in the hill-country
in the wilderness of Ziph.
And Saul sought him every day,
but God delivered him not into his hand.
And David saw that Saul was come out
to seek his life: and David was
in the wilderness of Ziph in the wood.
(1 Samuel 23:14-15 - ASV)
So David is basically hiding in the wilderness of Ziph. The Pulpit Commentary (1880-1919), citing the book of Joshua, places it on the edge of the desert south of Hebron. The Smith Bible Atlas (1915) in the Palestine in the Time of Saul map locates it in the same region - that Bible Atlas can be easily found online. In short, David was constantly on the move doing what he could to evade Saul's men.
And Jonathan, Saul's son,
arose, and went to David into the wood,
and strengthened his hand in God.
And he said unto him, Fear not;
for the hand of Saul my father shall not find thee;
and thou shalt be king over Israel,
and I shall be next unto thee;
and that also Saul my father knoweth.
(1 Samuel 23:16-17 - ASV)
Jonathan? It is so rare to have a friend that was so selfless and wanted to do right by both God and his friend. Jonathan was truly one of those people. Here he went up and visited David. To betray him as some would do, knowing that David stood in the way between the crown and himself? No, to encourage David! What a powerful word of encouragement too. Jonathan here tells David he knows that he will one day be King and that he will stand beside him when he is enthroned.
I like to study English History and the wars that revolved around who would be king and how much time and trouble a reigning king had just to keep the crown on his head, what with all the usurpers and other wannabe's lusting after the crown. The civil wars, the trickery and the way some of them were deposed - Richard the II in prison and probably died by starvation; Richard III in the battle for the crown; Charles I, executed. Everyone wants the crown, but I never saw it as making the wearer of it very happy. One could never know when some 'friend' was going to plunge a dagger in your back so they could put the crown on their own ambitious head. Perhaps it's just me, but I think on some level Jonathan saw this and what kingship had done to his father and realized that God has chosen someone else and was truly content with the situation.
Jonathan then tells David that Saul realized that God has chosen David to be King and that Jonathan was going to step aside and let it happen. Jonathan would not attempt to thwart God's purpose.
And they two made a covenant before Jehovah:After Jonathan imparts his word of encouragement as well as the information about Saul, the two make another covenant. From these passages one gets a sense as to at least part of the source of Saul's murderous rage and perhaps why he slew all the priests of the Lord. Deep down inside, Saul knew he was a 'reject'.
and David abode in the wood, and Jonathan
went to his house.
(1 Samuel 23:18 - ASV)
Then came up the Ziphites to Saul to Gibeah,
saying, Doth not David hide himself
with us in the strongholds in the wood,
in the hill of Hachilah,
which is on the south of the desert?
Now therefore, O king, come down,
according to all the desire of thy soul
to come down; and our part shall be
to deliver him up into the king's hand.
(1 Samuel 23:19-20 - ASV)
Now David is faced with a new problem - the Ziphites want to give David over to Saul. They reveal his whereabouts to the King with exactness. They tell the King, that if he comes down to try and take David, they will help.
And Saul said, Blessed be ye of Jehovah;
for ye have had compassion on me.
Go, I pray you, make yet more sure,
and know and see his place where his haunt is,
and who hath seen him there;
for it is told me that he dealeth very subtly.
See therefore, and take knowledge
of all the lurking-places where he hideth himself,
and come ye again to me of a certainty,
and I will go with you: and it shall come to pass,
if he be in the land, that I will search him out
among all the thousands of Judah.
(1 Samuel 23:21-23 - ASV)
Mark how delusional Saul is. Having just murdered the priests of God at Nob, he is now currently hunting God's anointed (and knowing this was so, for Jonathan just told David), he has the audacity to use God's name in his wicked undertakings! Let us mark this brothers because it is important. How did Christ put such thinking in the last days?
[Bold Emphasis Mine]
They shall put you out of the synagogues:This is a state of religious delusion whose fruit is often the murder of God's anointed.
yea, the hour cometh, that whosoever killeth you
shall think that he offereth service unto God.
(John 16:2 - ASV)
Saul tells the Ziphites that he's with them and tells them that David is quite tricky - he's no easy prey. He asks them to get more firm information about where he hides himself and when they get that right, he'll come down and take him. The men of Ziph and Saul? What can I say - men of deceit and treachery are often found together.
And they arose, and went to Ziph before Saul:
but David and his men were
in the wilderness of Maon,
in the Arabah on the south
of the desert.
(1 Samuel 23:24 - ASV)
The gist? They thought they had David cornered. The problem was, they didn't(!). David had already moved to another place.
And Saul and his men went to seek him.David had heard about Saul's moves and this is why David moved himself to Maon. Clearly David had some pretty good intelligence - perhaps someone who was working for or was a servant of Jonathan, reporting on what was going on in the King's camp to David. However he found out about it, David moved but now he was clearly in serious trouble. The picture here is of two armies, scurrying around a mountain. David trying to get away before Saul captured him. But things did not look good at all for David. It looks like Saul is just about to capture David until....
And they told David: wherefore he came down
to the rock, and abode in the wilderness of Maon.
And when Saul heard that, he pursued after
David in the wilderness of Maon.
And Saul went on this side of the mountain,
and David and his men on that side of the mountain:
and David made haste to get away for fear of Saul;
for Saul and his men compassed David
and his men round about to take them.
(1 Samuel 23:25-26 - ASV)
...Well, we will get to that in the next update, God willing!
But I think it meet to make this comment about this section. David is learning to lean on God - totally. He is learning who is friends are and who they are not. The people of Israel twice betrayed him, once almost (Keilah) and second the men of Ziph. But he also found loyalty in Jonathan. A man who would be king needs to understand both kinds of people but mostly treachery because treacherous and greedy men are drawn to power and to those who have it. Better David learn this lesson now before he takes the crown. Even our Lord had to experience treachery before he could sit and the right hand of the father. Remember Judas.
For secular kings and rulers it is probably best to consider that too often, trust is what a fool does, just before he gets a knife stuck in his back and that the ever constant abode of treachery is in the corridors of power.
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We left off last time with David and the surviving priest, Abiathar, who had survived Saul's massacre, fled and met up with David. The two make a compact that would last for the rest of David's life. Both men survived assassination attempts by a King who had turned on God.
In the above passage, information comes to David about trouble in Keilah. Who exactly told him of this is not clear, but it may have been those who warned him of the mass murder at Nob. The impression I get here is that there may already be simmering discontent in the Kingdom and those who reported these things to David were slowly beginning to side with the 'David faction'. I say this because they did not go to the King regarding this, but to the man whom the king was trying to get rid of. But in this passage we note a big difference between Saul and David. One was killing God's anointed representatives and the other was seeking guidance from the same. This is an important contrast in the character of these men. David, I think realized after his earlier panic, that he had to put his full faith and confidence in God and seeking his guidance was rule number one.
David then asks the Lord if should he go and deal with the Philistines who were causing so much trouble in Keilah. What the Philistines were doing was no little thing. We should keep in mind that the harvest that they gathered would be brought in to be threshed. If the harvest was stolen or destroyed, it could mean a food shortage.
I think it important to try and figure out why the Philistines chose now to do this. Matthew Henry (1662-1714) in his commentary makes a rather striking observation. Now that Saul and turned on God and the mighty warrior David was no longer in royal favor, this was a perfect time for them to wreck havoc on Israel. Let us keep in mind that the Philistines in the past had reason to fear the God of Israel (remember the incident with Dagon). They may have heard that Saul had killed all the priests of the Lord and so in their minds, this was the time to go in, for the fearsome God of the Israelite's had forsaken their king. If they knew of events in Israel and they probably did, their raid makes military sense.
David gets the divine go-ahead to smite the Philistines and save the city of Keilah.
And David's men said unto him, Behold,David here is running into a little resistance. David is prepared to go and deal with the Philistines, but his men, well... they are not so sure. They saw it as leaping out of the frying pan right into the fire. David probably did not have that many men with him, so going against the Philistines would seem like folly. But David now was demonstrating that one key trait that God really honors in men - faith. He has the go ahead from God, and that was enough for him.
we are afraid here in Judah:
how much more then if we go to Keilah
against the armies of the Philistines?
(1 Samuel 23:3 - ASV)
Then David inquired of Jehovah yet again.
And Jehovah answered him,
and said, Arise, go down to Keilah;
for I will deliver the Philistines
into thy hand.
(1 Samuel 23:4 - ASV)
David again sought the Lord and got the same answer. We are not certain how this word came about, but probably either from the prophet Gad or perhaps Abiathar had the Urim and Thummim with him which some commentators think Abiathar brought with him after escaping from Saul. However it was accomplished, the answer was the same.
And David and his men went to Keilah,
and fought with the Philistines,
and brought away their cattle,
and slew them with a great slaughter.
So David saved the inhabitants of Keilah.
(1 Samuel 23:5 - ASV)
Faith will take you a long way when one is in the Lord's favor. When God gives you a word and a job to do, he will give you victory. Sometimes it's not as quick as what we find here. Joshua was given a job to do, but that one took a long time with many troubles along the way. The key for us is to trust God, do what he tells us to do and keep faith.
And it came to pass,This passage is why some commentators think David's inquiry of the Lord was with the Urim and Thummim. John Gill (1697-1771) notes in his commentary that this was the ephod that had them on it, the ephod of the High Priest.
when Abiathar the son of Ahimelech
fled to David to Keilah,
that he came down with an ephod in his hand.
(1 Samuel 23:6 - ASV)
And it was told Saul that David was come to Keilah.Saul gets word of where David was and continues in his delusional thinking, believing that God was actually going to deliver David into his hands, after he just murdered the Lord's priests! He thinks that he's got David in a trap, in a place that can be besieged. The name Keilah (7084 in Strong's Hebrew Bible Dictionary - 1890) actually means enclosing; it could also mean fortress. Thus, Saul gathers his army and prepares to take David.
And Saul said, God hath delivered him into my hand;
for he is shut in, by entering into a town
that hath gates and bars.
And Saul summoned all the people to war,
to go down to Keilah,
to besiege David and his men.
(1 Samuel 23:7-8 - ASV)
Now the nation can be said to be in a state of civil war and Saul's open hostility with David was there for all to see. What had David done wrong? I will tell you in one word - nothing. Saul it seems, just never came to terms with the fact that God had rejected him for his flagrant disregard for God's commandments. All the service David did for Saul and Israel, like getting rid of Goliath was repaid with this kind of dealing from the King. It reminds me of the Psalm...
Put not your trust in princes,
Nor in the son of man,
in whom there is no help.
(Psalms 146:3 - ASV)
Back to the text.
And David knew that SaulThis passage is self explanatory. David wants some guidance from the Lord. Is Saul coming, can he trust the people of the city he is in? The news was not good on either count. Saul was coming and the people of the city would give him up. Think about it, David came down the city to save the people from the Philistines and now they were getting ready to hand David over to his enemies! Don't say David did not know or understand ingratitude and treachery. But David put his trust on the only one that can truly be relied upon in good times and bad, God.
was devising mischief against him;
and he said to Abiathar the priest,
Bring hither the ephod. Then said David,
O Jehovah, the God of Israel,
thy servant hath surely heard that Saul
seeketh to come to Keilah,
to destroy the city for my sake.
Will the men of Keilah deliver me up into his hand?
will Saul come down, as thy servant hath heard?
O Jehovah, the God of Israel,
I beseech thee, tell thy servant.
And Jehovah said, He will come down.
Then said David, Will the men of Keilah
deliver up me and my men into the hand of Saul?
And Jehovah said, They will deliver thee up.
(1 Samuel 23:9-11 - ASV)
We will continue our look at Samuel in the not too distant future, God willing!
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Then Ahimelech answered the king, and said,
And who among all thy servants is so faithful as David,
who is the king's son-in-law, and is taken into thy council,
and is honorable in thy house?
(1 Samuel 22:14 - ASV)
We left off last time and King Saul was ranting against his own tribesmen, Benjamin and later against the priesthood whom it was reported to him, had assisted David in his flight. The above passage are the first words uttered by Ahimelech in response to the Kings accusations. Ahimelech speaks up for David and says the King does not have a more loyal subject than David, at least that is the impression he had of him. Why should he treat him otherwise than he had? Here he is claiming in essence that he was unaware of any trouble between David and the King.
Have I to-day begun to inquire of God for him?
be it far from me: let not the king impute
anything unto his servant,
nor to all the house of my father;
for thy servant knoweth nothing of all this,
less or more.
(1 Samuel 22:15 - ASV)
Here the Priest seems to be saying, 'look, he often comes and seeks a word from the Lord. What of it? If he seeks the Lord, it's my job to guide him'. He makes it plain that he and his house are innocent of any wrong.
And the king said, Thou shalt surely die,The passage is self explanatory. Saul had 'lost it' and clearly now was fully working under dark spiritual influences. He demanded that the priests be slain, but his guard would not do it. They would not take such a sin upon their souls. This shows, I think that clearly there was increasing reticence in those whom the king depended on for his power to follow their master's orders.
Ahimelech, thou, and all thy father's house.
And the king said unto the guard that stood about him,
Turn, and slay the priests of Jehovah;
because their hand also is with David,
and because they knew that he fled,
and did not disclose it to me. But the servants
of the king would not put forth their hand
to fall upon the priests of Jehovah.
And the king said to Doeg, Turn thou,
and fall upon the priests. And Doeg the Edomite turned,
and he fell upon the priests,
and he slew on that day fourscore and five persons
that did wear a linen ephod.
(1 Samuel 22:16-18 - ASV)
It seems to me that what is happening here is that they would follow his orders, but not into God's wrath. A king whose orders are not obeyed is not likely to remain king for long. So Saul gets the foreigner to do this dreadful deed, Doeg, the Edomite. But the bloodbath is not finished yet.
And Nob, the city of the priests,When the devil gets into the King's soul, there is not much men can do. I cannot help but recall Tudor England, when Henry VIII cut down priests who would not acknowledge his authority over the Church and his putting away of his wife Catherine, in order to marry Anne Boleyn. Thomas More, Bishop Fisher, the Carthusian Monks, these all suffered under Henry's wrath.
smote he with the edge of the sword,
both men and women, children and sucklings,
and oxen and asses and sheep,
with the edge of the sword.
(1 Samuel 22:19 - ASV)
It was pretty sad and some scholars have suggested that Henry's acts may have been incited by syphilis, though there does not appear to be much evidence to back that up. I suspect he had just like Saul, let power go to his head and ceased to think about God, Justice and the overall peace and security of the realm as much as his own personal gratification and petty vengeance.
Both could at one time I think be called men of God (or who genuinely sought him), who once given power, turned on God in favor of base, worldly desires. Both I think, let their passions govern them rather than God and a desire for good government and justice. Once God was no longer the foundation for their rule, something else took its place.
If you did not know, Psalm 52 was written by David about this whole affair.
For the Chief Musician. Maschil of David;
when Doeg the Edomite came and told Saul,
and said unto him, David is come
to the house of Ahimelech.
Why boastest thou thyself in mischief,
O mighty man? The lovingkindness of
God endureth continually. Thy tongue deviseth
very wickedness, Like a sharp razor,
working deceitfully. Thou lovest evil more than good,
And lying rather than to speak righteousness. Selah.
Thou lovest all devouring words, O thou deceitful tongue.
God will likewise destroy thee for ever;
He will take thee up, and pluck thee out of thy tent,
And root thee out of the land of the living. Selah.
The righteous also shall see it, and fear,
And shall laugh at him, saying,
Lo, this is the man that made not God his strength,
But trusted in the abundance of his riches,
And strengthened himself in his wickedness.
But as for me, I am like a green olive-tree
in the house of God: I trust in the lovingkindness
of God for ever and ever. I will give thee thanks
for ever, because thou hast done it;
And I will hope in thy name, for it is good,
in the presence of thy saints.
(Psalms 52:1-9 - ASV)
Back to the text.
And one of the sons of Ahimelech,
the son of Ahitub, named Abiathar, escaped,
and fled after David. And Abiathar
told David that Saul had slain Jehovah's priests.
(1 Samuel 22:20-21 - ASV)
Yet one escaped, Abiathar who would remain with David throughout his reign but later fell out of favor during a succession controversy. He goes to David and gives him this horrible report on the doings of King Saul. Later we find that he was also able to gather some official priestly garments and bring them with him (1 Samuel 23:6).
And David said unto Abiathar,David then tells the priest of his fears. He knew Doeg was trouble and now what he feared would happened, has happened. Then he blames himself. Not with deliberately causing their death, but by his actions earlier. Perhaps on one level he was to blame, he did go to Nob and ask for assistance in a rather deceitful fashion. But by his deception he put the Priests in jeopardy (hence the tongue theme in the above Psalm). Deceit is never a good policy. One may start off with decent intentions, but one never knows who will ultimately get hurt when a lie is told. When a person tells lies, he does damage to some part of God's creation. For our God is a God of truth and no lie is of the truth (1 John 2:21).
I knew on that day,
when Doeg the Edomite was there,
that he would surely tell Saul:
I have occasioned the death
of all the persons of thy father's house.
Abide thou with me, fear not;
for he that seeketh my life seeketh thy life:
for with me thou shalt be in safeguard.
(1 Samuel 22:22-23 - ASV)
Speaking and living the truth is always the best long term policy. Sure, a short term benefit may seem to be gained by lying, but the long term effects of lies on many levels can last a very long time and be utterly disastrous. Look at what happened above.
I try and always to speak truth and if the whole truth can really hurt someone or cause unforeseen events, I find that it's often better to keep silent. God loves truth and honors those that behave honorably. I try and make my words few and when I do speak, I endeavor to speak the truth; say what I mean and mean what I say.
So here David offers a compact with the Priest. Both have been targeted by King Saul for death. So from here on, the two should work together. David here offers his protection and tells him not to be afraid. In this we see a simple, but perhaps overlooked contrast between Saul and David. David, was going to protect the priest of the Lord, Saul was out to kill them.
We will continue our look at this book soon, God willing!
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And Saul heard that David
was discovered,
and the men that were with him:
now Saul was sitting in Gibeah,
under the tamarisk-tree in Ramah,
with his spear in his hand,
and all his servants were standing about him.
And Saul said unto his servants
that stood about him, Hear now,
ye Benjamites; will the son of Jesse
give every one of you fields and vineyards,
will he make you all captains of thousands
and captains of hundreds,
that all of you have conspired against me,
and there is none that discloseth to me
when my son maketh a league
with the son of Jesse, and there is none
of you that is sorry for me, or discloseth
unto me that my son hath stirred up
my servant against me, to lie in wait,
as at this day?
(1 Samuel 22:6-8 - ASV)
We left off last time and David had just been given a word by the prophet Gad to not remain in his stronghold but to return to Judah.
David had become one of those men who are mentioned in the great Faith Hall of Fame (Hebrews Chapter 11); those who stuck with God even when the chips were down, they were in deep distress and it seemed that God had forsaken them.
Women received their dead by a resurrection:The above passage (in Samuel) shows that Saul's intelligence network had located the 'enemy of the state', aka David. Saul was underneath a tree or perhaps in some grove (see 815 in Strong's Hebrew Bible Dictionary). This appears to be some kind of meeting place or perhaps an open air conclave where Saul could meet with key people and consult. It may very well be the same place we find in the book of Judges 4:5, as it was where Deborah, the prophetess and judge met. The fact that he had the spear in his hand has been interpreted, probably correctly, that it may have been a symbol of regal power and authority.
and others were tortured,
not accepting their deliverance;
that they might obtain a better resurrection:
and others had trial of mockings and scourgings,
yea, moreover of bonds and imprisonment:
they were stoned, they were sawn asunder,
they were tempted, they were slain
with the sword: they went about in sheepskins,
in goatskins; being destitute, afflicted,
ill-treated (of whom the world was not worthy),
wandering in deserts and mountains and caves,
and the holes of the earth.
(Hebrews 11:35-38 - ASV)
So he starts to harangue those around him and it appears that for the most part, it seems that only those of his own tribe are here, Benjaminites. What seems clear is that the kingdom, was still very much divided along tribal lines. But even here, he is upset with his own tribe and accuses them of conspiring against him and not telling him of the covenant that Jonathan made with David. Somehow, Saul had found out about it.
What seems clear is that Saul's mind is writhing with suspicion, perhaps bordering on paranoia. But I think in the back of his troubled mind he had to recall the word's of the prophet Samuel, that God had rejected him from being king over Israel.
Then answered Doeg the Edomite,Doeg was not an Israeli, he came from Edom but he was set over at least some of Saul's servants (21:7). He speaks up to show his loyalty to the King by reporting on what he saw when David was in Nob. Doeg's motive for reporting this may have been to avert suspicion from himself and members of Saul's Royal Court onto the Priesthood.
who stood by the servants of Saul,
and said, I saw the son of Jesse coming to Nob,
to Ahimelech the son of Ahitub.
And he inquired of Jehovah for him,
and gave him victuals,
and gave him the sword
of Goliath the Philistine.
(1 Samuel 22:9-10 - ASV)
Then the king sent to call Ahimelech the priest,Clearly, Saul bought the story and suspicion was diverted onto the priesthood. He sends for the Priests and the passage seems pretty clear that the whole familial house was there, the family of Ahitub, who was the grandson of Eli. Remember him? This was the house God had a controversy with over the conduct of his sons. Ahitub was the brother of Ichabod, son of Phineas.
the son of Ahitub, and all his father's house,
the priests that were in Nob:
and they came all of them to the king.
And Saul said, Hear now, thou son of Ahitub.
And he answered, Here I am, my lord.
And Saul said unto him,
Why have ye conspired against me,
thou and the son of Jesse,
in that thou hast given him bread,
and a sword, and hast inquired of God for him,
that he should rise against me,
to lie in wait, as at this day?
(1 Samuel 22:11-13 - ASV)
So they are all now assembled before this king who was clearly operating on the fringes of sanity. Ahimelech is directly accused by the King of conspiring against him and of being in league with the King's enemy; feeding and arming him.
Back in those days, there was no due process of law as we understand it, not when one is directly accused by the King. Were the Priests directly answerable to the King in such matters? It's probably not a legal point to consider in those days, but the idea of ecclesiastical courts that tried Priests and Monks was something that developed much later. It was an important distinction and privilege. This was one key bone of contention between King Henry II of England and Archbishop Thomas Becket, who not totally unlike the events to come, was murdered, probably on orders of that King. FYI, if you have never seen it, there is an old movie staring Richard Burton and Peter O'Toole called Becket that I thought was really quite good and won several awards.
The charges stated. How will the Priest answer these most grave charges? We'll get to that soon, God willing.
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We left off last time and David had fled the city of the priests (Nob), to the Philistines. It should have come to no surprise to David that someone of his notoriety was going to be recognized. This is exactly what the above passage is saying. The kings servants said (in my very rough translation), 'wait a minute, ain't that David, the dude they were singing and going on about in Saul's court about killing Philistines? The short answer (not stated in the text) was yes, it sure was. Note that they call him king of the land, so clearly his personal exploits had overshadowed those of Saul to a high degree.
And David laid up these words in his heart,
and was sore afraid of Achish the king of Gath.
And he changed his behavior before them,
and feigned himself mad in their hands,
and scrabbled on the doors of the gate,
and let his spittle fall down upon his beard.
(1 Samuel 21:12-13 - ASV)
David probably is just now figuring out that heading directly to the enemy like this was not a very smart move. He understands now that they know who he is and if they catch him, his life may not be worth a wooden nickel. So he thinks quick and pretends to be a mad man. He starts to scratch at the gate and let's spit run down his beard. He must have been a fairly good actor because...
Then said Achish unto his servants,The King was fooled, he appears to have bought David's ruse and David was at least for the present, safe behind his crazy man facade.
Lo, ye see the man is mad;
wherefore then have ye brought him to me?
Do I lack madmen, that ye have brought
this fellow to play the madman in my presence?
shall this fellow come into my house?
(1 Samuel 21:14-15 - ASV)
David therefore departed thence,This is a cave that was not far from David's hometown of Bethlehem. Commentators say that this was a strong fortress like place, probably for the Tribe of Benjamin. Commentators have placed this near Beit-Jibrin and Deir-Dubban. When his family heard about what was happening with David, they band together in this place. David needed to rest, get his bearings and be around those who supported him. But probably just as importantly, it is certainly quite possible that Saul's anger and madness could be directed at the whole house of Jesse. This is may be why they all came down to the cave. They realized that because they were of the same house-family as David, they could easily be picked up (perhaps held as hostages) or even killed.
and escaped to the cave of Adullam:
and when his brethren and all his father's house heard it,
they went down thither to him.
(1 Samuel 22:1 - ASV)
And every one that was in distress,Along with his family came many who were in distress. They all had problems and each had some kind of a bone to pick with the King and his rule. David's band of men numbered about four hundred and as we can see, they now formed a kind of army - a rebel force against a King who had outstayed his welcome on the throne. These people were probably angry and ready to risk their lives to be free from Saul's oppressive and misguided rule. David was going to be their captain (commander). This was in short, this was an army against a king who had lost his God given anointing (1 Samuel 15:23). It was led by a man whom God had chosen in his stead.
and every one that was in debt,
and every one that was discontented,
gathered themselves unto him;
and he became captain over them:
and there were with him
about four hundred men.
(1 Samuel 22:2 - ASV)
And David went thence to Mizpeh of Moab:So now David goes to the King of Moab and seeks shelter for his mother and father. His brothers are probably part of his army. Let us recall that David's great grandmother was from Moab - Ruth, a book I spent several months with commentary a few years ago. The city he went to was Mizpeh. The name means watchtower (4708 in Strong's Hebrew Bible Dictionary). David was not sure what God was going to do so he felt this was a safe place for his family to be as it was out of the reach of Saul and his henchmen. From verse four we can gather that the place at Adullam was both a cave and a stronghold, probably naturally fortified against attack and easy discovery. But some commentators think this was a different place, perhaps in Moab (John Gill's [1697-1771] Exposition of the Entire Bible). David is clearly making preparations for big trouble ahead with the King.
and he said unto the king of Moab,
Let my father and my mother, I pray thee,
come forth, and be with you,
till I know what God will do for me.
And he brought them before the king of Moab:
and they dwelt with him all the while
that David was in the stronghold.
(1 Samuel 22:3-4 - ASV)
And the prophet Gad said unto David,A prophet now appears to David whose name is Gad. We don't know much about him, but commentators remark that he may have been one of the prophets in the Samuel's school of the prophets and was sent by Samuel to assist David and give him prophetic guidance. In the book of 1 Chronicles, he is called "David's Seer" (1 Chronicles 21:9). He is also one of those who wrote down the events of David's life and probably wrote a book that has now since been lost (1 Chronicles 29:29), though there is a book bearing that name that probably dates back as perhaps far as the first Century that was in the care of the Cochin Jews in India.
Abide not in the stronghold;
depart, and get thee into the land of Judah.
Then David departed, and came
into the forest of Hereth.
(1 Samuel 22:5 - ASV)
The prophet tells David not to remain in the stronghold but to go to the land of Judah. This to the natural mind may be too close to the king, who could command tens of thousands. But a future King should not be living in a foreign land.
This was the same kind of dilemma that the Catholic princess Mary Tudor (later Queen Mary I; aka Bloody Mary) had to face when she nearly fled the realm under the rule of her brother, Edward VI and his militantly protestant council. If she had fled, she almost certainly would have abdicated her place in the royal succession. David did as he was told, but we don't know exactly where the forest of Hereth was but it may have been just outside of Jerusalem.
I think the prophet was basically re-directing David to cease to run from his problem but to turn and face it. The first step in doing that was to go back to Israel and begin to make moves to deal with this problem directly. In short, he had to make the move back to Saul's kingdom based upon his faith in God, rather than the fear that sent him to Gath.
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God's grace and peace to each of you who reads this. In these difficult times I always want to make sure that I do my best to encourage each of you who come by the site. I know how hard life can be and this walk of faith can at times be difficult and the last thing I want to be is one of those sites that harp on the negative, the disasters and casting a dark light on everything, as is the habit of some.
We can often become discouraged and confused when things don't turn out the way we wanted or hoped. In such times we need to remember the proverb.
Trust in Jehovah with all thy heart,In times when we don't understand why something is happening to us, this is what we need to do. Trust in the Lord - with all of our hearts. It's what David is now having to do (as we go through the Book of Samuel) and it's what Job had to do. Both had to have, at sometime, felt almost betrayed and abandoned by the God in whom they trusted. But each hung in there - through thick and thin and kept faith with God. Job was restored and doubly blessed and David did ascend to the throne, according to God's promise. But they had to wade through a proverbial swamp full of 'crocodiles' and that burning desert with 'vultures' circling above. But they kept moving forward, did not look back and kept faith with God, despite the dangers.
And lean not upon thine own understanding:
In all thy ways acknowledge him,
And he will direct thy paths.
Be not wise in thine own eyes;
Fear Jehovah, and depart from evil:
It will be health to thy navel,
And marrow to thy bones.
(Proverbs 3:5-8 - ASV)
What? You think its has been easy doing this blog? It's not as hard as it used to be, but there are times it has been exceptionally difficult. But I had my orders from the Lord and I carried them out. I say this to each of you so that you won't get discouraged when the harsh realities of life come crashing in your front door. A major illness in the family, a death, the loss of a job, a major expense you simply cannot pay for, you get very sick or maybe you have to do time for a crime you never even thought about committing - these things happen - they can happen to anyone.
But your job is to not give into despair and bitterness. We must never rail against God and put the blame on him for the troubles in our life. Chances are there is something in our trials he wants to teach us and we won't realize what the lesson is until it's over. It's often that way with me. I had to learn some things the hard way and as the last big trial I had was ending, the Lord just spoke to me and let me know that if I had learned one key lesson, the trial would come to an end. I did and it did. There is no chance I will forget that lesson as I think I will have to go through a 'remedial' course in the school of hard knocks if I ever do.
Such a lesson does not appeal to me!
The key for each of us is this. We all have to go through trials. There is no way around it. So if it happens to you, don't be shocked or dismayed. It goes with God's plan.
fear thou not, for I am with thee;Things gone awry? Feel like a hundred boulders just landed right on top of you? Brothers we have a God who loves us and will take care of us if we fully put our trust in him. You got enemies? The passage above makes it plain that they won't be around long. Just hang tough, God see's what they are doing. He has not forgotten about you or their deeds. Let them finish digging their own graves - they may be only 5-and-a half feet down - let them get that extra six inches of digging completed. Save the manual laborers the sweat needed to do it. Your God is indeed looking out for you. But you must - absolutely MUST put your trust in him and do what he tells you.
be not dismayed, for I am thy God;
I will strengthen thee; yea, I will help thee; yea,
I will uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness.
Behold, all they that are incensed
against thee shall be put to shame and confounded:
they that strive with thee shall be as nothing,
and shall perish. Thou shalt seek them,
and shalt not find them, even them that contend with thee:
they that war against thee shall be as nothing,
and as a thing of nought. For I, Jehovah thy God,
will hold thy right hand, saying unto thee,
Fear not; I will help thee.
(Isaiah 41:10-13 - ASV)
So no matter what you are going through, keep faith with God. Don't get discouraged and don't whatever you do throw in the towel on your faith. That is exactly what the devil wants you to do. Invariably, he is targeting your faith - the key ingredient in our salvation.
God bless and keep all who love our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.
Amen.
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And David arose,We left off last time and Jonathan had given David the secret signal that he needed to flee because the king had determined to kill him. The above passage is the first passage that describes David's escape as the 'enemy of the state', if you will, in Saul's kingdom.
Nob was known as the city of the priests (1 Samuel 22:19) and according to some commentators was located just outside of Jerusalem, though there is some debate about the exact location. David having fled the king is now seeking help from the Priesthood, the representatives of God.
The High Priest Ahimelech was in dismay that David should be alone without any attendants. David answers him, but with a complete untruth, he lies to the Priest and tells him he's on some secret mission of the King and charges the priest to keep quiet about the task he is about to give him. It appears that David really was alone, at least up until now and that he made up a story about his attendants being elsewhere to be met later. The Priest had reason to be afraid, particularly if he knew that there was some tension between him and Saul and he might very well have known this.
What's going on here? I think it is pretty clear that David's faith was faltering. David after having received the promise from Samuel and defeating Goliath and becoming a great warrior was beginning to bend under the weight of the adversities that had befallen him. He's now alone and being hunted, by the king no less.
Now therefore what is under thy hand?
give me five loaves of bread in my hand,
or whatsoever there is present.
And the priest answered David, and said,
There is no common bread under my hand,
but there is holy bread; if only the young men
have kept themselves from women.
(1 Samuel 21:3-4 - ASV)
Then he asks the priest for bread and Ahimelech explains that what is available is only the holy bread. He makes it plain that the men who eat of it had to have abstained from sex in order for it to be consumed.
And David answered the priest,
and said unto him, Of a truth women
have been kept from us about these three days;
when I came out, the vessels of
the young men were holy, though it was
but a common journey; how much more
then to-day shall their vessels be holy?
So the priest gave him holy bread;
for there was no bread there
but the showbread, that was taken
from before Jehovah, to put hot bread
in the day when it was taken away.
(1 Samuel 21:5-6 - ASV)
David confirms that the 'men' with him had not been with women for those three days, although these men appear to be imaginary - David appears to be alone, at least from my reading of the text and will not be joined by others until a little later.
David receives the holy bread. It's interesting to note that this whole episode was referred to by the Lord in the books of Mark (2:25) and Matthew (12:1-8). The Lord concludes that the sabbath was made for man, not vice versa (Mark 2:27).
What seems odd is that there is no other bread around where the priests were other than the holy bread. This perhaps may show us that the Priesthood under Saul was impoverished and not well respected.
Now a certain man of the servants of Saul
was there that day, detained before Jehovah;
and his name was Doeg the Edomite,
the chiefest of the herdsmen that belonged to Saul.
(1 Samuel 21:7 - ASV)
There is a slight problem, one of Saul's men was there. He was 'detained' here (6113 in Strong's Hebrew Bible Dictionary - 1890). The passage is not clear as to why. There might have been some ceremonial uncleanliness, or to fulfill some vow, or merely because this was the sabbath day; or he may have been detained because he committed some offense as the Hebrew word can also mean to restrain or shut up. It isn't possible to tell from the text. With Doeg there, he knew that a report of David's presence would certainly be made to Saul.
And David said unto Ahimelech,David after having received bread, now makes an attempt to get a weapon. Using the same ruse about being on the kings business, he is able to get Goliath's sword, the very one he got from Goliath in battle.
And is there not here under thy
hand spear or sword? for I have neither
brought my sword nor my weapons with me,
because the king's business required haste.
And the priest said, The sword of Goliath
the Philistine, whom thou slewest in the vale of Elah,
behold, it is here wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod:
if thou wilt take that, take it;
for there is no other save that here.
And David said, There is none like that;
give it me.
(1 Samuel 21:8-9 - ASV)
This, I don't think was a very smart move on David's part. I just think he was panic stricken and was no longer thinking clearly. Panic will do that to a person and I suspect that was his state of mind or close to it. He makes this decision to go to... the Philistines? Could you think of a worse place for him to go, having defeated them time and again in battle as well as Goliath? I can't. But there he is. Perhaps he was thinking that this was the last place, absolutely the last place Saul would look for him. It may also be that since there was enmity between Israel and the Philistines, he did not think they would hand him over to Saul as some of the other kingdoms around Israel might.
I think it is a real testament to the writers of these books that they don't paper over the mistakes, weaknesses and sins of the saints, even men of God like David. It helps us to remember one key facet of these men who served the Lord, they were human. They made mistakes and could be overcome with fear, dread, lust, anger and like here, just make some very questionable decisions.
We will continue our look at Samuel soon, God willing!
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We left off last time and Saul had deeply insulted Johnathan and he realized that Saul was determined to kill David. The passage above tells us what Jonathan did afterwards. He got up from the table without eating anything. This was the second day of the full moon feast (20:27) so it seems that after the insult, he just got up and left without eating. At such a feast, the whole kings court was almost certainly present and for the king to insult his son like this was a very great wrong and it had to have been noticed by all.
And it came to pass in the morning,
that Jonathan went out into the field
at the time appointed with David,
and a little lad with him. And he said unto his lad,
Run, find now the arrows which I shoot.
And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him.
And when the lad was come to the place
of the arrow which Jonathan had shot,
Jonathan cried after the lad, and said,
Is not the arrow beyond thee? And Jonathan
cried after the lad, Make speed, haste, stay not.
And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows,
and came to his master. But the lad knew not anything:
only Jonathan and David knew the matter.
(1 Samuel 20:35-39 - ASV)
The long and short of this passage that it was time for them to use the prearranged code that they had set up before Jonathan left for the new moon feast. The boy who went and fetched the arrow and was the unwitting deliverer of the message, was none the wiser.
Jonathan here dismisses his attendant and then meets David who comes out of his hiding place. He does the heir to the throne and his friend great honor by bowing before him. David now was wholly dependent on God and the faithfulness of his friend. They kissed each other and then both wept. It looks here as though David was overcome with grief over what had happened to him, hence the phrase 'until David exceeded' (vs. 41). Then Jonathan delivers the bad news, that David had better go, but strictly charges him to recall the covenant that now exists between them and its eternal nature. He then goes back to the city and the king. Jonathan was still loyal to his father, but I don't think he would ever forget the horrible words he said against him. But he had a duty to the king, the realm and his father.
Survival and Faith Mode
From here on we are going to see David in what can only be termed survival mode. He's going to do some things that will make many of us scratch our heads. So keep that in mind going forward. After having received the prophecy of becoming king, he's now alone, hunted and is on the King's 'kill list'.
But more than going into survival mode, I think it important that we take a moment and see David as a type for we Christians. We too have been promised a throne and to be a king and a priest of God in his kingdom. But none of us just put on those holy robes and fly up to heaven and start to reign with a scepter in our hands. As it has been said before, there is a cross we have to bear before we sit on a throne. David got the promise, but though he did everything right, he now basically is homeless; a vagabond and a wanted man - this after having served the king and kingdom so well, by slaying Goliath and the enemies of the realm.
But David kept faith with God. He trusted in God in all things and the troubles awaited him. But this is true for all of us as well. Christ had to go to the cross before he ascended to heaven, Paul was martyred, so was Peter. Time would fail me to go into Stephen and many of the other men and women who had to suffer, often enormously before they could wear the crown of life (James 1:12; Revelation 2:10) and the other crowns and rewards God plans on giving those who demonstrate that they love him. Do you want to be a friend of God? A true friend of God? Let me tell you what they may one day mean.
Greater love hath no man than this,Now Christ used this to show you how much he loved his friends, he laid down his life for them. But if we want to demonstrate our love in return, our lives may one day be required of us. It is the way we can demonstrate just how much we love our Lord.
that a man lay down his life
for his friends.
(John 15:13 - ASV)
Many of us are having all kinds of trials and troubles these days. We often wonder where God is in them all. Well, how do you think David felt? Even Christ felt that way on the cross, when he said, "Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani?" (Matthew 27:46). The key for all of us is that we are not alone. Such suffering and even seeming 'forsakeness' is something that I think every saint that is going to be of any real use to God must endure for a season.
Now think about Job. How do you think he felt after all the mess the devil put him through? I think it is part of our training and testing. There is something God wants out of us that we may never be certain what that something is while we live down here in the body. Perhaps it is moving us from the role of servant to the role of 'friend' that is at issue (see John 15:15), I don't know. But this I do know, many a saint has gone through this kind of thing and one thing I can tell you this kind of trial does is it tests both your faith-endurance and your character. It will often also tell you who your friends are and who you can and cannot trust in the future. It's a trial of your faith and David was now having his tried.
Wherein ye greatly rejoice,Do you feel alone and forsaken in your trial? Wonder where the promise a prophet gave you years ago is and why it has not happened yet? David went through the same thing. David continued to steer his course towards God. Job never lost his faith or confidence in God, but stubbornly (sometimes it comes down to that!) held on to his faith in God. He was not going to forsake God, even if it killed him.
though now for a little while,
if need be, ye have been put to grief in manifold trials,
that the proof of your faith, being more precious
than gold that perisheth though it is proved by fire,
may be found unto praise and glory and honor
at the revelation of Jesus Christ:
(1 Peter 1:6-7 - ASV)
Steel in our souls is what is going to be required. We are going to have to toughen up and be strong in the days ahead. We who genuinely know our God and have not forsaken him, we must not melt like a snowflake when the fires of persecution start to rise. It's going to take faith and an inner toughness to deal with what many of us will have to face and indeed, many believers are even now facing in many parts of the world.
So as we move forward in the last few chapters of Samuel, let us keep these things in mind. David was traveling a very tough road. But for some of us, we understand this because we have traveled such a road ourselves or if we have not yet, will one day.
We will continue out look at Samuel soon, God willing!
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And Jonathan said unto David, Jehovah,We left off last time and David and Jonathan were working out a plan so that David would not have to return to the King's court to celebrate the New Moon festival. They said that David as going to return to his home town, Bethlehem to celebrate it with his family. They are trying to figure out a plan how to deal with it if Saul takes the news badly.
Jonathan here reassures his friend that there is no way he is going to leave David in a lurch. He is going to find a way to let David know what Saul determines, one way or another. He does this in the Old Testament way, with an oath that harm would come upon himself if he did not do this. Some commentators see here (the second part of verse 13) that Jonathan must have known the Lord had appointed David to be king one day. I think this very likely. I also think he probably knew that the kingdom right now needed David running things, not his unstable father.
And thou shalt not only while yet I live
show me the lovingkindness of Jehovah,
that I die not; but also thou shalt not cut off
thy kindness from my house for ever; no,
not when Jehovah hath cut off the enemies
of David every one from the face of the earth.
(1 Samuel 20:14-15 - ASV)
Jonathan here makes a covenant with David. Clearly he knows God is with him and that David is going to ascend to the throne. So he asks him that whatever happens in the future, that David will take care of his family. This may seem like an odd request, but Jonathan may have been deeply concerned with this fathers spiritual direction and was afraid the Lord would deal not just with Saul, but the whole bloodline. He did not want David moving against his house because of the sins of his father. I think what Jonathan was trying to do here was prevent a blood feud that could split up their friendship and respective houses. But this is a powerful testimony of faith as well as friendship, that even though David's life was sought by the King and he had to flee, that Jonathan somehow knew David would be victorious over his enemies because of the Lord.
So Jonathan made a covenantSo a covenant, a divine 'pact' was sealed between these two young men. He was asking for long term constancy between the two houses. But the last part of verse 16, 'And Jehovah will require it at the hand of David's enemies', could perhaps be rendered "And the Lord required it..." and is something the author of the book wrote after these events and comments upon after it had already been fulfilled. See Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament [1868(?)] - 1Samuel volume on this.
with the house of David, saying,
And Jehovah will require it at the hand of David's enemies.
And Jonathan caused David to swear again,
for the love that he had to him;
for he loved him as he loved his own soul.
(1 Samuel 20:16-17 - ASV)
So they set up a secret 'code' to let David know if it was safe to come or not. The stone Ezel is not mentioned anywhere else in scripture. The word means 'departure' (237 in Strong's Hebrew Bible Dictionary - 1890)
Jonathan here once again wants to make sure that this covenant is understood and that God will bear witness. One almost gets the impression that Jonathan may have had some kind of dream or vision of a future where such a promise would be necessary as he is most insistent.
It appears here that David just hid himself and was not going to go to back to his fathers house and the whole story about going there was a ruse. But it may be that he did go back to his fathers house and then returned to the hiding place. The passage is not clear.
The King sits down for his meal and notices that David's place is empty; Abner was there, but no David. At first he says nothing. But the passage shows that he thinks that David perhaps was unclean. This was a religious feast and it would have not been correct to come to it and eat being in a spiritually unclean state, so goes Saul's reasoning.
On the second day, the same thing, David was not present. But this time he asks Jonathan where David is. Jonathan gives his father the prearranged cover story about going to Bethlehem.
Then Saul's anger
was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto him,
Thou son of a perverse rebellious woman,
do not I know that thou hast chosen
the son of Jesse to thine own shame,
and unto the shame of thy mother's nakedness?
For as long as the son of Jesse liveth upon the ground,
thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom.
Wherefore now send and fetch him unto me,
for he shall surely die.
(1 Samuel 20:30-31 - ASV)
The King somehow knows Jonathan is not telling him the truth and is absolutely livid with his son, calling him names and dishonoring his mother. This kind of insult is one of the worst in this culture and Saul levels it at his son. On a purely secular political level Saul had a point, he was favoring a rival to the throne over his own father. The crown would ordinarily come to Jonathan after Saul's death, but here he was favoring David. He warns his son that as long as David is alive, his kingdom will not be established. So he asks him to go and fetch him so that he can kill him. It seems to me that Saul is trying to get Jonathan on his side, knowing how close he was to David he seems to be saying - 'you want the throne don't you? Then David's gotta go. Bring him here and we can get rid of him'.
And Jonathan answered Saul his father,
and said unto him, Wherefore should he be put to death?
what hath he done? And Saul cast his spear
at him to smite him; whereby Jonathan
knew that it was determined of his father
to put David to death.
(1 Samuel 20:32-33 - ASV)
Jonathan isn't going for it. A throne purchased on innocent blood and blood that was anointed by God? Jonathan was having no part of it. Saul once again flips out and then tries to kill his own son. Saul had clearly gone 'round the bend. Jonathan left, knowing the King had made up his mind to kill David.
A godly son, a flipped out king and David in hiding. That is where we will leave off today and take up again soon, God willing!
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Note: The Bible version usually quoted from on this site is now the American Standard Version, which according to Wikipedia, the Sword Project and various other Bible sites, was published in 1901 and is now in the Public Domain.
Additionally, Bible commentaries and dictionaries mentioned herein are almost always very old (usually published in the 1800's or before). I often reference them with both the common names of the work as well as the original publishing date or the birth and death years of the author. I gravitate to older, more conservative scholarship when studying the Bible.
Finally, at times you will find an 'ff' after a referenced verse, this merely means 'and forward' or 'follow forward' for the whole meaning of the text.